A total artificial heart (TAH) is an implantable, pneumatic, biventricular support device that serves as a total replacement for both ventricles of the failing heart. Historically, the objective of implanting a TAH has been as a temporary measure to improve the likelihood of survival before and after heart transplantation in patients with end-stage heart failure (HF) who meet standard, accepted criteria for heart transplantation, who are at imminent risk of death and have no other treatment options, and for whom a compatible donor heart is unavailable. More recently, a TAH has been developed for use as destination therapy (permanent use) in patients with severe, irreversible biventricular HF who are not candidates for other therapies, including transplantation.