Authors' objectives: People who inject drugs are disproportionately affected by hepatitis C virus. The emergence of direct-acting antiviral treatments for hepatitis C virus motivated England to achieve the World Health Organization’s elimination target of decreasing hepatitis C virus incidence among people who inject drugs to ...

Authors' results and conclusions: Across the four regions over 2016–22, an estimated 8831–9689 treatments occurred among 37,230 people who inject drugs, with the annual number treated increasing in prisons (7.8 times) and drug treatment centres (3.6 times). Model projections suggest that hepatitis C virus incidence among people who inject drugs has decreased across the regions by 56.1–85.4% (range of medians) over 2015–22, with incidence decreasing by 79.7–98.6% to 0.2–2.2/100 person-years by 2030. The World Health Organization incidence target ( 80% probability in three regions and 40% probability in the other region. The probability of reaching the incidence target increases to > 65% in this region if screening is increased in drug treatment centres (80% screened annually) or prisons (75% of people get tested during their prison stay), with these screening strategies being cost-effective. Numerous England regions may be on target to decrease hepatitis C virus incidence among people who inject drugs to ...

Authors' methods: A dynamic hepatitis C virus transmission model among people who inject drugs was developed for four English regions. The model included the pathway from testing to treatment in prisons, drug treatment centres and other settings. Each pathway was parameterised using region-specific data, with yearly bio-behavioural surveys among people who inject drugs being used to parameterise and calibrate the model in a Bayesian framework. The model projected whether each region will reach the hepatitis C virus incidence target or what improvements (in testing and linkage to treatment) are needed from 2024 to achieve it. Hepatitis C virus care pathway costs were collated through interviews with practitioners and the published literature. The mean incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (per quality-adjusted life-year saved) was estimated for any ‘improved’ strategy that reached the incidence target compared to the baseline strategy. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were compared to a willingness-to-pay threshold of £20,000/quality-adjusted life-year saved over a 50-year time horizon (3.5% annual discount rate). Projections were based on model estimations, which need to be confirmed with empirical data. Data uncertainties affected our model projections, including uncertainty in the number of people who inject drugs in each region and the number of treatments given to people who inject drugs in different settings. Sample sizes for the yearly bio-behavioural surveys among people who inject drugs were small, and so samples were pooled over multiple years. Testing rates among people who inject drugs could not be directly estimated because the sentinel surveillance had incomplete coverage and could not identify people who inject drugs; testing rates were estimated through model calibration.

Project Status: Completed

URL for project: https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/programmes/hta/NIHR136221

Year Published: 2026

URL for published report: https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/GJPV1707

URL for additional information: English

English language abstract: An English language summary is available

Publication Type: Full HTA

Country: England, United Kingdom

DOI: 10.3310/GJPV1707

Organisation Name: NIHR Health Technology Assessment programme

Contact Address: NIHR Journals Library, National Institute for Health and Care Research, Evaluation, Trials and Studies Coordinating Centre, Alpha House, University of Southampton Science Park, Southampton SO16 7NS, UK

Contact Name: journals.library@nihr.ac.uk

Contact Email: journals.library@nihr.ac.uk