Authors' objectives: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations (acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) are characterised by increased sputum volume, purulence and breathlessness. Patients are encouraged to recognise and treat acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as part of a self-management plan. Only half of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are caused by bacterial infection, but self-management plans generally advocate use of antibiotics and steroids for all events, hence antibiotics may be overused. Sputum colour relates closely to bacterial load; thus it could determine whether antibiotics are appropriate. This pragmatic randomised controlled trial tested whether use of a sputum colour chart is safe and effective in United Kingdom primary care.

Authors' results and conclusions: One hundred and fifteen patients were recruited and randomised 1 : 1 to colour chart use or usual care; they generally had severe Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease D chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, with significant breathlessness (54% Medical Research Council score of 4 or 5) and poor quality of life (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease assessment test score at baseline 24). Comorbid respiratory and systemic disease was common. Self-management was delivered well in both arms, and the colour chart acceptable to patients and staff; no specific issues for patients with multiple long-term conditions were identified. Hospital admissions for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease tended to occur more in colour chart users [32 vs. 16%, relative risk 1.95 (0.92 to 4.18)], and antibiotic courses within 14 days of initial acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treatment were also more common [34 vs. 18%, adjusted relative risk 1.80 (0.85 to 3.79)]. Despite this, quality of life was better in colour chart users at 12 months [chronic obstructive pulmonary disease assessment test 19.9 vs. −24.5, adjusted mean difference −2.95 (−5.93 to −0.04)]. Thirty-eight patients consented to the sputum substudy, and 57 samples were received (42 stable state, 15 during acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), of which 30% contained a potentially pathogenic bacterium. Sputum was more likely to be purulent in subjects with bronchiectasis, independent of disease state (stable vs. exacerbation) or whether the sample was positive for a potentially pathogenic bacterium, suggesting that colour alone cannot be used to guide antibiotic use. Eleven patients completed the e-diary study, and 42 symptom-defined acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease events were captured, many of which were untreated, exhibiting lower EXAcerbations of Chronic Pulmonary Disease Tool scores than those which were treated. Untreated events were slower to settle. Differences between study arms were not meaningful to compute due to low numbers. Our results imply that the Bronkotest sputum colour chart is unlikely to be a useful addition to self-management for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in primary care, but further work is required to confirm this.

Authors' methods: Colour chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was a multicentre, randomised controlled trial in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who had ≥ 2 acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or ≥ 1 hospital admission for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the preceding year. The primary objective was to demonstrate that the Bronkotest® (London) sputum colour chart is non-inferior to usual care (safe). The primary outcome was rate of hospital admission for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at 12 months; secondary outcomes included requirement for second courses of treatment and quality of life (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease assessment test score). Nested substudies examining daily symptoms via an e-diary and sputum culture assessed untreated acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease rate and antibiotic resistance, respectively. A process evaluation examined trial fidelity and acceptability of the intervention, employing qualitative research methods incorporating patients as co-researchers. The study was terminated early due to low recruitment (115/2954 planned sample size).

Project Status: Completed

URL for project: https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/programmes/hta/NIHR136139

Year Published: 2025

URL for published report: https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/published-articles/KPFD5558

URL for additional information: English

English language abstract: An English language summary is available

Publication Type: Full HTA

Country: England, United Kingdom

DOI: 10.3310/KPFD5558

Organisation Name: NIHR Health Technology Assessment programme

Contact Address: NIHR Journals Library, National Institute for Health and Care Research, Evaluation, Trials and Studies Coordinating Centre, Alpha House, University of Southampton Science Park, Southampton SO16 7NS, UK

Contact Name: journals.library@nihr.ac.uk

Contact Email: journals.library@nihr.ac.uk