Authors' objectives: Transurethral resection of bladder tumour has been the mainstay of bladder cancer staging for > 60 years. Staging inaccuracies are commonplace, leading to delayed treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging offers rapid, accurate and non-invasive staging of muscle-invasive bladder cancer, potentially reducing delays to radical treatment. To assess the feasibility and efficacy of the introducing multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging ahead of transurethral resection of bladder tumour in the staging of suspected muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Bladder cancer (BC) is the fifth most common cancer in Western society. Standard management follows a pathway established > 60 years ago with the first description of transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT), and prognosis has not improved for 30 years. Following visual diagnosis by outpatient flexible cystoscopy, TURBT is the subsequent diagnostic and staging tool for all patients. While TURBT is mostly well-tolerated and therapeutic for non-muscle-invasive BC (NMIBC), its role in muscle-invasive BC (MIBC) is predominantly diagnostic. Furthermore, for MIBC patients, initial TURBT often under-stages invasion (up to 30% of MIBCs are initially staged as high-grade NMIBC at first TURBT) and may contribute to extravesical tumour dissemination as a result of the piecemeal resection process. Subsequently, accurate staging by cross-sectional pelvic imaging post TURBT is impaired by post-surgical artefacts. Moreover, internationally, TURBT followed by histopathological review and multidisciplinary team (MDT) decision-making typically adds a number of weeks to the pathway, creating a delay in commencing correct radical treatment for MIBC patients and potentially worse outcomes. Thus, an ideal pathway would separate NMIBC patients from MIBC patients at the time of diagnosis by the faster and more accurate application of established technologies to expedite therapy, potentially improving outcomes. Imaging advances suggesting multiparametric (mp) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may allow the accurate discrimination of NMIBC from MIBC, theoretically offering a safer and faster route to radical treatment than TURBT. To test the hypothesis whether MIBC patients can be safely expedited to radical treatment by using initial mpMRI for local staging rather than TURBT, we undertook the BladderPath randomised controlled trial [NHS Research Ethics Committee (REC) approval 17/LO/1819, ISRCTN 35296862]. To assess the feasibility and efficacy of the substitution of TURBT with mpMRI in the staging of patients with suspected MIBC, hypothesising that image-directed (mpMRI) staging would shorten the time period to correct treatment for MIBC patients compared to the standard TURBT-based pathway.

Authors' results and conclusions: Between 31 May 2018 and 31 December 2021, of 638 patients approached, 143 participants were randomised; 52.1% were deemed as possible muscle-invasive bladder cancer and 47.9% probable non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Feasibility stage: 36/39 [92% (95% confidence interval 79 to 98%)] muscle-invasive bladder cancer participants followed the correct treatment by pathway. Intermediate stage: median time to correct treatment was 98 (95% confidence interval 72 to 125) days for Pathway 1 versus 53 (95% confidence interval 20 to 89) days for Pathway 2 [hazard ratio 2.9 (95% confidence interval 1.0 to 8.1)], p = 0.040. Median time to correct treatment for all participants was 37 days for Pathway 1 and 25 days for Pathway 2 [hazard ratio 1.4 (95% confidence interval 0.9 to 2.0)]. The multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging-directed pathway led to a substantial 45-day reduction in time to correct treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer, without detriment to non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer participants. Consideration should be given to the incorporation of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging ahead of transurethral resection of bladder tumour into the standard pathway for all patients with suspected muscle-invasive bladder cancer. The improved decision-making accelerated time to treatment, even though many patients subsequently needed transurethral resection of bladder tumour. A proportion of patients can avoid transurethral resection of bladder tumour completely, reducing costs and morbidity, given the much lower cost of magnetic resonance imaging and biopsy compared to transurethral resection of bladder tumour. Between 31 May 2018 and 31 December 2021, recruitment took place in 15 UK urology centres; 638 patients were screened as potentially eligible, of which 309 were registered and 143 were randomised (72 to Pathway 1, 71 to Pathway 2). The 166 registered patients not randomised were not found to have BC during initial cystoscopy. Three participants were subsequently found to be ineligible post randomisation (one in Pathway 1, two in Pathway 2). Seven participants withdrew from the study (three in Pathway 1, four in Pathway 2), including three participants who were confirmed as not having cancer. Nine protocol deviations were reported by nine participants (five in Pathway 1, four in Pathway 2). The primary outcome for the feasibility stage was the proportion of possible MIBC participants randomised to Pathway 2 who correctly followed the pathway protocol. In total, 36 of the 39 [92%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 79% to 98%] possible MIBC participants in Pathway 2 underwent mpMRI as per protocol. Three Pathway 2 possible MIBC participants did not undergo mpMRI post randomisation: one participant had metal in their eye, one patient withdrew (29 days post randomisation) and one underwent MRI prior to trial entry (scan was requested independently of the study). Of the 36 participants who underwent mpMRI, 17 were diagnosed as MIBC, 16 as NMIBC and 3 were inconclusive. The secondary outcome for the feasibility stage was the overall proportion of randomised participants who correctly followed the protocol in each pathway. For Pathway 1, this was defined as the number of probable NMIBC and possible MIBC participants randomly accrued who underwent TURBT at an appropriate stage, as a proportion of all participants randomised to that pathway. For Pathway 2, it was defined as the number of probable NMIBC participants who underwent TURBT plus the number of possible MIBC participants who underwent mpMRI, divided by all randomised to Pathway 2. The overall proportion of participants who correctly followed their respective protocol pathway was 96% (95% CI 88% to 99%) in each pathway. There was no statistical difference between the pathways. For the Intermediate stage, the primary outcome was time to correct treatment (TTCT) for participants who were initially classified as possible MIBC and were then confirmed to have MIBC (by TURBT or mpMRI). For the 25 participants who were initially classified as possible MIBC and were then confirmed as MIBC (14 in Pathway 1; 11 in Pathway 2), 24 participants received a correct treatment (the remaining patients died 81 days post randomisation, before a correct treatment; date last seen is used in the time-to-event analysis). Median TTCT for all participants who were initially classified as possible MIBC and were then confirmed to have MIBC (N = 25) was 77 days (95% CI 54 to 98). Median TTCT for Pathway 1 (N = 14) was 98 days (95% CI 72 to 125). Median TTCT for Pathway 2 (N = 11) was 53 days (95% CI 20 to 81). The p-value of 0.0201 suggests a statistical difference in TTCT between the pathways. A Cox model adjusting for the stratification factors of sex and age, with study centre included as a random effect, showed that the hazard ratio (HR) of an event for Pathway 2 versus Pathway 1 was 2.9 (95% CI 1.0 to 8.1, p = 0.04). An event in this model indicates a patient receiving a correct treatment; therefore, the HR of 2.9 indicates that participants in Pathway 2 received correct treatment 2.9 times quicker than those in Pathway 1. To assess the secondary outcome of TTCT for probable NMIBC participants confirmed as NMIBC, there were 58 participants initially classified as probable NMIBC and then confirmed as NMIBC (28 in Pathway 1 and 30 in Pathway 2), all of whom received correct treatment of TURBT. Median TTCT for probable NMIBC participants confirmed as NMIBC (N = 58) was 16 days (95% CI 11 to 23); median TTCT for Pathway 1 (N = 28) was 14 days (95% CI 10 to 29) and 17 days (95% CI 8 to 25) for Pathway 2 (N = 25), log-rank p = 0.6677. A Cox model adjusting for the stratification factors of sex and age showed that the HR for Pathway 2 versus Pathway 1 was 0.8 (95% CI 0.5 to 1.5). For the secondary outcome of TTCT for all randomised participants, 131 of 143 randomised participants had received a correct treatment (72 in Pathway 1 and 71 in Pathway 2); participants who had not received a correct treatment were censored at their date last seen and included in the time-to-treatment analysis. Median TTCT for all randomised participants (N = 143) was 31 days (95% CI 22 to 37); median TTCT for Pathway 1 (N = 72) was 37 days (95% CI 23 to 47) and 25 days (95% CI 18 to 35) for Pathway 2 (N = 71), log-rank p = 0.0295. A Cox model adjusting for the stratification factors of sex and age showed that the HR for Pathway 2 versus Pathway 1 was 1.4 (95% CI 0.9 to 2.0). To assess the secondary outcome of time to definitive treatment (TTDT) for all randomised participants, 137 randomised participants had received definitive treatment (6 participants did not receive definitive treatment and their date last seen was used in the time-to-event analysis). Median TTDT for all randomised participants (N = 143) was 23 days (95% CI 20 to 29); median TTDT for Pathway 1 (N = 72) was 23 days (95% CI 17 to 29) and for Pathway 2 (N = 71) was 22 days (95% CI 17 to 32), log-rank p-value of 0.9619. A Cox model adjusting for the stratification factors of sex and age showed that the HR for Pathway 2 versus Pathway 1 was 0.9 (95% CI 0.6 to 1.2). The mpMRI-directed pathway led to a substantial reduction in TTCT for MIBC participants without detriment to the TTCT for NMIBC participants. Consideration should be given to the incorporation of mpMRI ahead of TURBT in the standard pathway for all patients with suspected MIBC. A proportion of patients were able to avoid TURBT completely and the improved decision-making accelerated time to treatment, even though many patients subsequently needed TURBT as part of their treatment plan.

Authors' methods: Open-label, multistage randomised controlled study in three parts: feasibility, intermediate and final clinical stages. The COVID pandemic prevented completion of the final stage. Fifteen UK hospitals. Newly diagnosed bladder cancer patients of age ≥ 18 years. Participants were randomised to Pathway 1 or 2 following visual assessment of the suspicion of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer or muscle-invasive bladder cancer at the time of outpatient cystoscopy, based upon a 5-point Likert scale: Likert 1–2 tumours considered probable non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer; Likert 3–5 possible muscle-invasive bladder cancer. In Pathway 1, all participants underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumour. In Pathway 2, probable non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer participants underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumour, and possible muscle-invasive bladder cancer participants underwent initial multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging. Subsequent therapy was determined by the treating team and could include transurethral resection of bladder tumour. Feasibility stage: proportion with possible muscle-invasive bladder cancer randomised to Pathway 2 which correctly followed the protocol. Intermediate stage: time to correct treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. For participants who underwent chemotherapy, radiotherapy or palliation for multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging-diagnosed stage T2 or higher disease, it was impossible to conclusively know whether these were correct treatments due to the absence of histopathologically confirmed muscle invasion, this being confirmed radiologically in these cases. All patients had histological confirmation of their cancers. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we were unable to realise the final stage. BladderPath is a randomised trial comparing risk-stratified image-directed (mpMRI) care with TURBT for patients with newly diagnosed BC. Patients with symptoms suspicious of a new diagnosis of BC were identified via haematuria clinics, and they provided written informed consent for study participation. Ineligible patients were those unable or unwilling to undergo MRI, those with a previous BC diagnosis and those who had previously entered the study. Participants with possible MIBC (Likert 3–5 as visually assessed on a 5-point Likert scale at flexible cystoscopy) were randomised to standard TURBT assessment (Pathway 1) or mpMRI-based assessment (Pathway 2) with flexible cystoscopy tumour biopsy Pathway 2 probable NMIBC (Likert 1–2) participants underwent TURBT. Primary outcomes: Feasibility phase – proportion of Pathway 2 possible MIBC participants who correctly followed protocol (target: 80%); intermediate stage – time to first correct treatment (chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, decision for palliative care) for participants with confirmed MIBC (target: 30-day improvement) and as time to TURBT or palliative care for NMIBC. Randomisation was achieved by using a computerised allocation program; stratification variables included participants’ sex, age and clinician’s initial visual assessment of muscle invasiveness of the tumour. Blinding of participants, caregivers and outcome assessors was not possible.

Project Status: Completed

URL for project: https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/programmes/hta/14/08/60

Year Published: 2024

URL for published report: https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/DEHT5407

URL for additional information: English

English language abstract: An English language summary is available

Publication Type: Full HTA

Country: United Kingdom

DOI: 10.3310/DEHT5407

Organisation Name: NIHR Health and Social Care Delivery Program

Contact Name: Rhiannon Miller

Contact Email: rhiannon.m@prepress-projects.co.uk